Recognizing these individual personality differences is important to ensure animals are treated well, says professor Marina von Keyserlingk, who led the research team from UBC's animal welfare program in the faculty of land and food systems. 'Sometimes we are tempted to see only the herd, even though this herd consists of different individuals who cope differently with stressful events,' said von Keyserlingk. 'It's important to consider the individual's perspective, because even if conditions are good, on average, some animals may still suffer.' To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.

Mavrikidis v. New Jersey Supreme Court 707 A.2d 977 (1998) Facts. Karl Pascarello (defendant), owner of the Clar Pine auto service center, hired the Petullo Brothers, Inc. (defendant) to supply asphalt and concrete to Clar Pine for the purposes of renovating the station’s parking lot and service area. Gerald Petullo (defendant) drove.

Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward. In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart. The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.

The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward. Trafaret bukv alfavita v formate a4 review. Samsung s5282 csc flash file. Once calves were trained, researchers presented bottles in one of the three intermediate holes, so that calves couldn't be sure if they would be rewarded with milk. The researchers predicted that the most optimistic calves would approach the bottle even if it were positioned close to the location that earlier gave them an empty bottle and puff of air.

In contrast, the most pessimistic calves would avoid approaching a bottle in the intermediate holes, even if it were close to the rewarded location. The calves varied in their responses, but individual calves remained consistent in their outlook and made similar choices three weeks apart. Researchers concluded that pessimism was a consistent individual trait, not just the result of temporary moods or emotions.

The study also assessed fearfulness through standard personality tests that monitor how calves react to unfamiliar situations, such as the presence of a stranger or a foreign object. Fearfulness and pessimism turned out to be closely related. 'Calves that were more fearful were also more likely to view the glass as half empty,' said von Keyserlingk.

Research has shown that optimism and pessimism are also personality traits in humans, but little work has been done to investigate such personality differences in farm animals. 'The next step in our research will be to understand what type of rearing conditions help ensure that an individual animal has a good life,' added von Keyserlingk. 'For example, more pessimistic calves may require different types of housing and management than we currently provide.'

Karl Pascarello (defendant), owner of the Clar Pine auto service center, hired the Petullo Brothers, Inc. (defendant) to supply asphalt and concrete to Clar Pine for the purposes of renovating the station’s parking lot and service area. Gerald Petullo (defendant) drove the company’s dump truck to Newark Asphalt Corporation (defendant) where it was loaded with nearly 11 tons of hot asphalt. Petullo was transporting the asphalt to Clar Pine when he drove through a red light and struck a vehicle driven by Alice Mavrikidis (plaintiff). Petullo lost control of the truck.

The dump truck struck a light pole, overturned, and spilled hot asphalt onto Mavrikidis’ car causing her to suffer severe burn injuries. Mavrikidis filed suit against a number of individuals and entities. At trial, an expert witness testified that had the dump truck not been overloaded with asphalt, Petullo would not have lost control of the truck. The jury found that Petullo negligently operated the dump truck which proximately caused the accident. Further, the jury concluded that Clar Pine was vicariously liable for the actions of Petullo. Finally, the jury found the Newark Asphalt was negligent in overloading the dump truck.